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环境因素对Ti-6Al-4V合金力学性能的影响
其他题名Environmental Effects on the Mechanical Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
左景辉
学位类型博士
导师韩恩厚
2008-05-31
学位授予单位中国科学院金属研究所
学位授予地点金属研究所
学位专业材料学
关键词Ti-6al-4v合金 组织结构 空间环境 力学性能 离子辐照 疲劳
摘要近年来,人类探索空间技术的发展对各种空间材料的性能提出了更高的要求。钛及钛合金由于其较高的比强度和比刚度以及良好的综合性能已在空天结构件中得到越来越广泛的应用。由于空间环境异常复杂,研究钛合金在空间环境下的服役性能、改善其空间环境适应性、优化合金的组织结构并提高其空间服役性能等都具有重要的战略意义。 本文以一种Ti-6Al-4V合金为实验材料,通过热处理分别获得双态和网篮两种组织,并分别对这两种组织的合金进行低温拉伸、真空和/或低温拉压疲劳以及超高周疲劳实验,对比研究合金在低温、真空和室温空气环境中的疲劳和拉伸性能以及合金的组织对其性能的影响;此外,对一种Ti-6Al-4V合金板材进行高能离子辐照实验,并对辐照前后的合金进行拉伸和疲劳实验。通过上述实验,分别研究低温、真空、超长寿命以及离子辐照等各种空间环境因素对Ti-6Al-4V合金力学性能的影响及其影响机制。 实验结果表明,随实验温度的降低,两种组织的Ti-6Al-4V合金的拉伸强度和屈服强度均升高,而塑性降低,即使在液氮温度下,合金仍未出现明显脆化现象,拉伸断口表现为延性断裂特征。该合金在真空或低温条件下的疲劳性能均优于室温空气中的性能,真空和低温的耦合作用可使疲劳性能大幅度提高,其中,真空主要影响疲劳裂纹的扩展,延长疲劳寿命,而低温主要影响疲劳裂纹的萌生,提高合金的高周疲劳强度。在超高周疲劳循环周次内,当应力比R= -1时,双态和网篮两种组织的Ti-6Al-4V合金的疲劳S-N曲线是一条连续降低的曲线,在109循环周次范围内不存在疲劳极限,两种组织的合金的疲劳破坏方式相似,即在高应力幅下,疲劳破坏主要起源于试样表面,随着加载应力幅的降低,疲劳断裂由试样表面转移到内部,而且这种内部疲劳裂纹是由合金组织的不均匀性引起的;与常规疲劳结果比较,超高周疲劳载荷下疲劳寿命增加,但频率的变化对超高周疲劳强度的影响不大;在本文的实验条件下,采用Al2O3和钢丸进行高能喷丸处理均未能改善Ti-6Al-4V合金的超高周疲劳性能,因此,对于高能喷丸处理工艺在提高超高周疲劳性能中的应用还需进行进一步的优化和研究。对于本文的低温、真空以及超高周疲劳条件下,双态组织的综合性能优于网篮组织,而且双态组织合金的性能对环境因素变化的敏感性较小,性能较稳定,因此,双态组织的Ti-6Al-4V合金比网篮组织更适合在空天环境下作为结构件应用。此外,模拟空间高能氢离子和氮离子辐照后,Ti-6Al-4V合金组织发生细化,导致合金脆化,并使拉伸强度和塑性降低,疲劳强度和寿命也减小,但氮离子辐照对合金的疲劳性能影响不大,总体看来,氮离子辐照对合金综合性能产生的影响小于氢离子辐照;而且,离子辐照后,合金的被辐照面呈现一种“染色”效应,但这与合金力学性能的变化关系不大。
其他摘要With the development of the space technology, the materials used in space with special properties are increasingly required. Because of their high specified strength and excellent mechanical performance, titanium and titanium alloys have been widely applied as structural components in the space. However, the complicated conditions of space may have the important influence on the behavior of materials. It is strategic to investigate the serving behavior, optimize the microstructure and improve the properties and adaptabilities of materials in the space. The bimodal and basketweave microstructures were received by the heat treatment of the Ti-6Al-4V stick. To investigate the effect of the space conditions on the serving performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the tensile experiments at different temperatures, the fatigue behavior of the alloy in vacuum and/or at low temperature and the ultra-high cycle fatigue were conducted. Again, the irradiation with high energy ions was carried out on the Ti-6Al-4V plates in order to investigate the influence of irradiation on the mechanical performance. The results show that the strength increases and ductility decreases with decreasing the tensile temperatures. No obvious brittleness is found even tensioned at the liquid temperature. The alloy has the superior fatigue property in vacuum and/or at low temperature compared with that in laboratory air. Moreover, the coupling of high vacuum with low temperature can much improve the fatigue properties of the alloy. It is interestingly found that the vacuum affects the crack propagation and results in longer fatigue life, while the low temperature affects the crack initiation and leads to the higher fatigue strength. As for the fatigue in ultrahigh cycle regime, the fatigue S-N curves continue to decrease with increasing the number of cycles to failure and no conventional fatigue limits exist in the regime of 105 to 109 cycles for Ti-6Al-4V with both bimodal and basketweave microstructure. There is a transition of crack initiation from surface to interior of specimens with decreasing the stress level. As compared with the conventional loading frequency, the ultrasound frequency extends the fatigue life, but it has no obvious effect on the fatigue strength in the ultrahigh cycle regime. Unfortunately, the ultrahigh cycle fatigue behavior can not be much enhanced by shot peening with Al2O3 or steel pills in present conditions. So it is necessary to further investigate the application of the shot peen to improve the ultrahigh cycle fatigue properties. Under the present conditions of low temperature, high vacuum and the very long life regime, the alloy with the bimodal microstructure has superior performance to basketweave microstructure. Furthermore, the bimodal microstructure is less sensitive to the environmental conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that the Ti-6Al-4V alloy with the bimodal microstructure is more suitable than basketweave microstructure to be applied in the space environment. Additionally, the tensile and fatigue properties of Ti-6Al-4V plate deteriorate after irradiated with hydrogen or nitrogen ions. As a whole, irradiation with hydrogen ions plays more serious role than with nitrogen ions on the mechanical properties of the alloy. Meanwhile, the irradiated surface of the sample shows a kind of “dying color” effect, which has no much effect on the mechanical properties of the alloy.
页数133
语种中文
文献类型学位论文
条目标识符http://ir.imr.ac.cn/handle/321006/17065
专题中国科学院金属研究所
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
左景辉. 环境因素对Ti-6Al-4V合金力学性能的影响[D]. 金属研究所. 中国科学院金属研究所,2008.
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