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Mg基非晶合金及其复合材料的制备与性能
其他题名Preparation and Properties of Mg-based Bulk Metallic Glass
潘大刚
学位类型博士
导师张海峰
2007-05-19
学位授予单位中国科学院金属研究所
学位授予地点金属研究所
学位专业材料学
关键词非晶合金 镁合金 力学性能 合金元素 复合材料
摘要Mg基非晶合金具有低密度、高比强度、高弹性极限等优异的物理和力学性能,是一种极具应用前景的新型材料。然而Mg基非晶合金的室温塑性很差,极易发生脆性断裂。这种缺点严重限制了Mg基非晶合金的实际应用,使得它的各种性能优势无法充分发挥出来。 本文在研究Mg基非晶合金的微观变形与断裂机制的基础上,通过合金成分设计与复合材料制备的方法改善了Mg基非晶合金的塑性,为Mg基非晶合金的实际应用奠定了良好的基础。 本文采用高分辨扫描电镜观察了脆性Mg基非晶合金的各种断口形貌,在光滑的断口表面上发现了均匀的纳米条纹结构。通过对裂纹尖端的粘性流体进行Taylor失稳分析解释了条纹结构的形成机理,证明在非晶合金的断裂过程中存在两种相互竞争的微观机制:一种是裂纹通过粘滞流变的方式扩展以释放不断累积的应变能;另一种是显微孔洞在裂纹尖端不断形成以阻碍裂纹的快速扩展。非晶合金的断裂在宏观上表现为典型的脆性断裂,但是在微观上却又具有粘滞流变、孔洞形成等塑性断裂的特征,只不过这些塑性断裂过程都局限在了非常有限的尺寸范围内,难以对非晶合金的宏观力学行为产生明显影响。 为了改善Mg基非晶合金的力学性能,本文研究了添加Ni元素和Zr元素后合金力学性能的变化情况。加入少量Ni元素后,合金的压缩断裂强度有所提高,但塑性却降低了。这主要是由于Ni元素同时具有较高的弹性模量值和μ/B值。具有较高弹性模量值的添加元素增强了合金原子间的结合强度,赋予了合金更高的热稳定性和更高的压缩断裂强度,而较高的μ/B值使合金抵抗裂纹尖端扩张的能力降低,损害了合金的塑性变形能力。与某些组元具有正混合热的Zr元素加入后在合金基体中产生了大量细小的晶核。在变形过程中,剪切带不断遇到这些晶核并受到来自这些晶核的干扰而引发了合金的屈服现象。但是由脆性晶核所引发的屈服变形量是非常有限的,并且以严重的降低合金的非晶形成能力为代价。 为了进一步提高Mg基非晶合金的塑性性能,本文通过在合金熔炼过程中加入增强相颗粒的方法制备了各种颗粒增强的Mg基非晶合金复合材料。不同性能的颗粒增强的Mg基非晶合金复合材料表现出了显著不同的变形与断裂行为。增强相颗粒的塑性越好,复合材料的塑性性能提高的也越明显。Nb颗粒增强的Mg基非晶合金复合材料的塑性变形量超过了12%。而强度的变化趋势与此相反,增强相塑性越好的复合材料的强度增加幅度反而越小。通过向非晶合金基体中加入各种颗粒,剪切带扩展的难度增加,应变在颗粒附近累积,从而提高了复合材料的强度。通过塑性颗粒自身的变形,应力集中得以松弛,并通过塑性颗粒的变形将剪切带的不均匀应变均匀的分布到颗粒周围的基体上,促进了二次剪切带的发展,有效的抑制了剪切带的不稳定扩展,赋予了复合材料良好的塑性性能。
其他摘要Mg-based bulk metallic glass has the advantages of low density, high specific strength and high elastic limits, which have made it superior in comparing with its crystalline counterparts. However, one of the disadvantages of BMG is the highly inhomogeneous deformation mode by shear bands below glass transition temperature. As a result, at room temperature monolithic Mg-based metallic glass is one of the most brittle BMGs and always breaks into pieces by catastrophic fracture, which has excluded it from being a candidate engineering material. In the thesis, the micro-mechanism of deformation and fracture process of metallic glass was studied, and the mechanical properties were improved by appropriate alloy addition and composite synthesis. A striation structure with nano-scale spacing in the mirror area of fracture surface of brittle Mg-based bulk metallic glass was observed using high resolution SEM. The origin of the striation structure can be predicted using Taylor instability analysis based on a grease model combined with microvoid formation mechanism of typical ductile fracture. The formation mechanism of the structure implies a competition between two effects, i.e. the tendency to extend crack by means of viscous flow to release free energy, and the constraining effect impeding a fast crack growth by the formation of ductile microvoids ahead of the crack tip. But unfortunately, such a plastic fracture process is highly localized and contributes little to the global plasticity. The effect of Ni and Zr addition to the thermal and mechanical properties in Mg-based BMG was investigated. The improvement of thermal stability and compressive fracture stress of the alloy with Ni addition is contributed to the high elastic modulus of Ni. However, the highμ/B ratio of Ni decreases the resistance to dilatation in the region of a crack tip and deteriorates the plasticity. Zr addition induces the precipitation of minor crystallite in Mg-based BMG matrix due to the positive mixing heat between Zr and some constituents of metallic glass. The existence of the minor crystallite disturbs the propagation of shear bands and in turn contributes to the appreciable yielding. The brittle crystallite has very limited effect on plasticity and is at the cost of glass forming ability. Mg-based BMG composites (BMGC) reinforced with ductile Nb and Fe particles were successfully synthesized. The ductile particles effectively impede shear band propagation and upon yielding, the ductile particle firstly deforms and the load is transferred to the surrounding glassy matrix to promote the initiation and branching of secondary shear bands. As a result, the composite shows high strength and large plasticity, which is comparable to some best Zr- or Ti-based BMGC. Reinforcing metallic glass with ductile particles is proved to be a simple and effective method. The results imply that by appropriate alloy design, Mg-based BMGC has great potential in serving as an engineering material.
页数110
语种中文
文献类型学位论文
条目标识符http://ir.imr.ac.cn/handle/321006/17036
专题中国科学院金属研究所
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
潘大刚. Mg基非晶合金及其复合材料的制备与性能[D]. 金属研究所. 中国科学院金属研究所,2007.
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